Transaction Fees

Empirical Analysis of EIP-1559: Transaction Fees, Waiting Time, and Consensus Security

This empirical study of Ethereum's EIP-1559 upgrade analyzes real on-chain data from the August 2021 London Hardfork to measure effects on transaction fees, waiting times, and miner incentives. It confirms improved fee predictability but also identifies new volatility patterns and security implications from the base fee burn mechanism.